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Ground-level power supply
Ground-level power supply, also known as surface current collection and Alimentation par le Sol (APS, which literally means ''feeding via the ground''), is a modern method of third-rail electrical pick-up for street trams. It was invented for the Bordeaux tramway (''Tramway de Bordeaux''), which was constructed from 2000 and opened in 2003. Until 2011, this was the only place it was used, with proposals to install it elsewhere. Reims has adopted this technology for its new Reims Tramway (''Tramway de Reims''), which was opened in 2011, as have Angers (''Tramway d'Angers'') and Dubai (''Al Sufouh Tram'').
==Technology==
Ground-level power supply is used, primarily for aesthetic reasons, as an alternative to overhead lines. It is different from the conduit current collection system which was one of the first ways of supplying power to a tram system by burying a third and fourth rail in an underground conduit (‘vault’) between the running rails. Conduit current collection was used in historic tram systems in Washington, Manhattan, Paris, Berlin, Marseilles, Vienna, Budapest and London. It fell into disuse because overhead wires proved much less expensive and troublesome for street railways and because in Manhattan, Paris, Washington and West Berlin all trams were replaced by buses for reasons unrelated to the power supply issue. In Prague on the Charles Bridge (Karlův most) a system invented by František Křižík was used, similar to today's APS.
Unlike the track-side third rail used by most metro trains and some main-line railways, APS does not pose a danger to people or animals and so can be used in pedestrian areas and city streets.
APS uses a third rail placed between the running rails, divided electrically into ten-metre rail segments with three-metre neutral sections between. Each tram has two power collection shoes, next to which are antennas that send radio signals to energise the power rail segments as the tram passes over them. At any one time, two consecutive segments under the tram will be live.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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